Overview
Cotton is a warm-season cash crop grown in Kenya for its fibre and seeds. It provides income for smallholder and commercial farmers and supports the textile industry. Farmers grow it mainly in Lamu, Busia, Kwale, Homa Bay, Siaya, Kitui, Makueni, and Tana River. Improved seed programs and local ginneries have boosted production, making cotton profitable for domestic markets and potential exports. Understanding the crop’s characteristics helps farmers optimize yields, manage pests, and access markets effectively.
Varieties
Farmers cultivate traditional varieties such as HART 89M, HART 92M, HA 701, HA 211, and C567–C571. Bt cotton is also increasingly adopted for resistance to bollworms. Varieties are chosen based on fibre quality, pest tolerance, maturity period, and intended market, with some performing better in lowland regions and others in higher altitudes.
Climate and Soil Requirements
Cotton grows best in warm, frost-free areas with temperatures of 22–35 °C and annual rainfall of 500–900 mm. It thrives from sea level up to 1,500 m. Well-drained sandy-loam or loamy soils with a pH of 5.8–7.5 and added organic matter support strong growth. Farmers avoid waterlogged areas, which can weaken roots and increase disease risk.
Propagation and Planting
Farmers sow certified seeds at the onset of rains, typically March–April. Land is prepared to a depth of 30–40 cm. Rows are spaced 90 cm apart with 30 cm between plants. This spacing ensures adequate sunlight, airflow, and optimal plant density.
Field Management and Harvesting
Weeds are controlled early, and fertilizers support boll development. Farmers monitor and manage pests, particularly bollworms and aphids. Cotton is hand-picked when bolls open and fibres are fluffy. Seed cotton is dried to a safe moisture level before ginning.
Nutritional Value
Cottonseed supplies edible oil and protein-rich animal feed.
Uses
Cotton fibre supports textiles, and seeds provide oil and livestock feed. Local ginneries, value-added products, and organic cotton markets increase profitability and strengthen rural incomes.